These are to warn drivers of the danger ahead and to slow them down. An example of this is found on the eastbound carriageway of The Berkshire Way approaching the roundabout at Southern Industrial Area.

Deciding that you cannot make a decision based on the view you have is the correct decision. Move forward to get a better view and then decide if it is safe to move out. 'Creep and peep'

This topic is worth pages of discussion covering tiredness, irritating passengers, external distractions, discomfort, a ringing mobile phone, worries in your life and medical conditions. Clearly a relaxed, alert, focused and proficient driver at the controls of a well maintained vehicle is unlikely to be distracted. Professional drivers have, by law to take breaks. Car drivers should consider this.

Dipped headlights make a vehicle more visible and must be kept illuminated in some countries. You may have noticed Swedish cars have running lights lit when in being driven. You will notice more cars with similar features in the future as proposed European legislation will make daylight marker lights compulsory. Clearly you will be safer if you switch on your headlights when visibility is poor such as when going through tunnels, driving in spray and precipitation, or when clouds bring gloominess. Consider using dipped headlights when the sun is bright but low on the horizon, particularly when the sun is behind you. World War 2 fighter pilots used the sun to hide from enemy aircraft.

The Highway Code answers this question. With an antilock braking system you should press the pedal firmly to invoke the intervention of the ABS and keep the pedal depressed until you have stopped. ABS will also allow you to steer at the same time. Without ABS you will need to use 'cadence braking' and push as hard as you dare without locking the wheels and if a skid should occur you should release the brakes and re-apply them with just a little less force. This will allow you to steer yet still brake efficiently. Surprisingly tyres will stop you quicker in the dry if the wheels lock up since the rubber melts and becomes stickier. This action will ruin the tyres since you will have worn flat surfaces on the tyres. A car skidding in this way cannot be steered. If asked to perform an emergency stop during the driving test, you will be informed by the examiner in advance. You will be travelling at about 20mph when the word STOP is announced and emphasised in some manner. You will need to react quickly and keep your hands on the wheel. (steering is best performed with both hands on the wheel). You are not expected to check the mirrors before braking as the examiner will have looked first. Do not ease the brakes as you do normally. The car will jolt due to weight transfer but this is quite normal. For safety sake the examiner will state that he will not be repeating the exercise. Do remember to look round before driving off afterwards!

Moving slowly, turning the wheel and checking round can be a formidable task for inexperienced drivers having to multi-task. It can be done if you have practiced. The biggest problem on the test is maintaining good observation thruout the process and some drivers do not take the camber of the road into account. This can cause the car to accelerate too quickly as it leaves the gutter. Large vehicles are often delivery vehicles so watch out for workers unloading and check the large door mirror usually found on such vehicles to see signs that a driver may be about to leave his vehicle.

An earlier question discusses the problems of losing concentration. Any electronic device in the car has the possibility of distracting the driver, be it tuning a radio, adjusting the air conditioning or entering data into the sat nav. Phones are particularly demanding of our attention so will distract the driver. Switching it off is the safest option for the driver.

Do not disturb the traffic flow but turn off and park up out of the way. You may then look at the map, phone for directions or check the sat nav. A quiet road will allow you to turn round safely.

Trucks have huge mirrors which may hide traffic on the right quarter. Cars have posts to hold up the roof. These can be quite inconvenient for the driver so he may consider moving his head to look round the 'A' posts at the approach to bends and junctions. The view behind and to the sides may be improved using mirrors. Frequent observation will show if other road users have sneaked into the resultant blind spots. (especially cyclists and pedestrians) The rear of the driver is also a large blind area but this is largely covered by mirrors. The interior mirror has flat glass to give a distant view behind; outside mirrors have curved glass to expand the field of view but of course, speeds and distances are exaggerated. These mirrors are frequently adjustable by the driver when he is moving. He may move them outwards when joining a motorway or inwards and downwards when manoeuvring. The tail gates of most hatch backs hide low obstructions so the driver may consider getting out and checking behind. Accoustic radar and video cameras are also excellent aids for reversing safely.

Cyclists are encouraged to thread their way to the front at junctions since extra stop lines are often marked for them. You must check your blind spots each time you move off, especially in traffic jams.

If you stand a remote chance of 1 in a thousand of missing a cyclist each time you move off, complying with the Highway Code and having an extra look does not halve the chances of missing a cyclist ? it reduces it another thousand fold. Thus two looks reduce your chances of missing the cyclist by 1 in a million.

Note that each eye has a blind spot caused by the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye. You are not aware of this as the brain 'makes up' the bit it cannot see. Remember this experiment?


See www.brianseye.com/anatomy.htm

You may find the rear of the trailer will overhang a 'keep clear' area or yellow box. When moving half way across a road or dual carriageway be aware that the trailer may obstruct the traffic. Make certain you have sufficient space. Pull further ahead when overtaking since the trailer will be taking up space when you pull in. Reversing up to another vehicle or wall needs skill to stop at the correct distance. Also be aware that the trailer may 'cut-in' when you turn sharply. Conversely the rear of the trailer may swing out.

Flashing amber lights may be found on a car indicating, on a vehicle displaying hazard warning lights, a slow moving vehicle or a vehicle towing, a recovery vehicle, road works, zebra crossings and pelican crossings to name a few. Whereas a red light means stop, amber lights mean caution. It is therefore desirable to move off or continue with caution if safe to do so ? stop if you can avoid danger.

See Highway Code 191 to 199. These include information on zebra, toucan, puffin, horse, level, tram ?. Answering this is pure spadework covered by The Highway Code.

Pedestrians may be encouraged to cross by your slowing down and then be hit by a vehicle that may then overtake you.

Tailgating is an annoying habit perpetrated by inexperienced drivers in a hurry. These drivers may not respond quickly or strongly enough if the car in front stops unexpectedly. They will have reduced visibility because the vehicle they are following hides the road. Their windscreens and bodywork will be covered with muck thrown up from the road and their engines will suck in that dross. Not good for a long service life. The tailgating driver will hide the view out of the mirror for the driver he is following so joining fast traffic will be problematical. Also, overtaking drivers will not have a space to pull in should an emergency arise.

You should be aware of the 'two second rule' as a minimum safe distance from the vehicle in front - as the vehicle in front passes a distinctive mark on the road say to yourself "only a fool breaks the two second rule". The phrase takes approx two seconds to say and if you pass the road mark at the end you are two seconds behind the vehicle. If the road is wet or you are being tailgated, increase the gap to four seconds. If you need to stop you won't need to jam the brakes on so hard and the tailgater is less likely to ram you from behind - you are compensating for him.

Amber flashing beacons are displayed by slow vehicles or vehicles constrained by their ability to manoeuvre. A doctor on a call uses a green flashing beacon. Blue flashing lights are displayed by emergency vehicles such as police, fire service, ambulance service and bomb disposal service. In all cases show respect to these vehicles and pull in to let them pass you if this will help them.

Truck bus and trailer drivers are not permitted to use the outside lane of multi-lane motorways so let them pass you. They are also restricted in the maximum speed they are permitted to travel so let them pass you if you are going slower than them. Long vehicles will use more road ? allow for this. The drivers of articulated trucks or "bendy buses" may not see you in their outside mirrors. Be aware of this. Drivers of large vehicle may prefer you to move out of their way when they are about to manoeuvre. Some large vehicles have a sign on the back which reads "if you can't see my mirrors - I can't see you". Keep clear when they are manoeuvring. Be alert to this. Keep out of the their way ? it takes them longer to accelerate and slow down.
Help drivers of emergency vehicles by pulling in to let them pass.
Road sweepers may approach from the opposite direction on one-way streets. Many roadsweeping vehicles are left-hand drive so the driver gets a good view of the edge of the road he's cleaning - give them space and let them get on with their work.
Do not harass learners. They may stop suddenly. New drivers should also be shown respect.
Motorcyclists will be affected by side winds ? give them space.
Some vehicles with small wheels may slow very much for speed humps or swerve around potholes. Allow for this.
Pass horse riders with care. Give them space, go slowly and keep noise level down. Look at horse riders - they have a good view of the road ahead and may give you hand signals to indicate when it is safe for you to overtake. Horse riders (and cyclists) may keep left at big junctions even although they are turning right.

Look out for...

• Lack of 'Give Way' lines across the road on the entry
• Rectangular 'One Way Street' signs
• Arrows on both side of the road on both sides pointing along the carriageway
• Bollards in the middle of the road with white panels
• Blue signs showing 'Pass Either Side'
• Backs of 'No Entry' signs
• Side streets having 'Turn Left' signs
• 'No Entry' written upside down
• Beleisha beacons 'Upstream'
• Zigzags 'Upstream'
• Parked vehicles facing the same way
• Triangular 'Vehicles Crossing a One Way Street' signs
• Triangular 'Two Way Traffic' signs
• 'Give Way' or 'Stop' lines across end of road
• Identical signs on both sides of the road
• Amber cats eyes if installed on both sides of the street

• Indicators ? These should be used correctly timed for routine manoeuvres. Failing to signal your intentions can hold up other road users. Remember that pedestrians also need to know your intentions.
• Brake lights ? These cannot be seen from the front. These are brighter than marker lights ? Use them when waiting when nobody is behind. Remove your foot from the brake to avoid excessive dazzling. Gentle pressure before main braking helps the driver behind.
• Hazard warning lights ? These are easily seen from a distance if waiting on a fast road and vehicles may come up fast. A couple of flashes are sometimes used as an unofficial means of thanking the driver behind. If waiting unexpectedly they can help drivers behind who may otherwise stop.
• Speed ? Slowing excessively may be used to indicate that you are giving up your priority. Use with caution as a vehicle behind may pass and encounter danger.
• Position ? Holding back may show that you are giving up priority. Your driving position backs up your indicators.
• Eye contact ? This is used when in close proximity and eye contact has been established
• Arm signals ? These three (turning left, right, slowing) are unusual and can be seen from the front as well as behind (unlike brake lights). They are useful to draw attention when about to do something unexpected. Not so effective at night.
• Flashing headlights ? These are visible from ahead only and from a distance. Not selective and many road users may respond. Your main beam is useful at night at blind bends. This is just a warning but may be used with other signals to draw attention to yourself. Truck drivers flash to show that the overtaking truck may pull in front. The unofficial flash meaning ?Go? should be avoided.
• Waving with arm ? This may possibly not an official sign so use sparingly. A thank-you wave is often appreciated.
• Horn ? This is a useful warning in close proximity or at blind bends. Use sparingly and use legally. You may use the horn at night in a residential area if it is an emergency.
• Reversing lights ? These display when the car is in reverse gear. Get into reverse as soon as possible if trying to reverse park into a gap. This will discourage drivers behind from stopping too close.

It is not your business to judge others. They may have a good reason to break the rules. The rules do not cover every eventuality so common sense must be applied. For example you may consider breaking the rules to avoid impeding an emergency vehicle.

If you break the rules you would probably be breaking the law. Even if you are rushing your pregnant wife to the maternity hospital to have a baby and get flashed by a speed camera you have no legal excuse. The Authorities are not likely to grant you an exception. However a small life is in your hands. The risk may well be acceptable. We all break the rules to help the community at large.

Habitually and selfishly breaking the law will probably, at best result in fines, endorsements and increased insurance charges for the driver. A worst case will result in danger, damage and possibly loss of life.

Show consideration to other road users who are particularly vulnerable ? the aged, the young, cyclists, horse riders and the infirm. Make certain that your actions will not expose them to danger.
Drivers of large vehicles may appreciate a little help as they perform their jobs.
Make certain that you do not intimidate other road users.
Show good manners and signal your intentions in good time.
Avoid blind-siding other road users ? don?t block their view.

Important dashboard lights are red ? they need your immediate attention.
Amber lights need your attention at your early convenience.
A blue light is main beam
Green lights mean something is switched on ? usually lights.
Look at the car handbook if any switches are unfamiliar to you.
Know the location of all-important switches when you take your driving test

A red light (flashing or not) means ?Do not pass? or ?Stop?. Not all red lights have stop lines by them. Do not stop too far from the lights, as a sensor may not be triggered.
An amber steady light means that a red light is about to show ? stop if you can.
A flashing amber light means continue if safe ? watch out for danger.
A green light means you may continue if it is safe to do so ? you do not have priority.

Tyres should have sufficient tread (1.6mm for cars, 1,5mm for minibuses) as bald tyres (although giving more grip in the dry) have little grip on wet roads. The grooves in the pattern allow the water to drain from the tyre's footprint so the rubber can contact the road surface. Bald tyres aquaplane very easily. The minimum tread should go round the whole of the circumference and at least extend three quarters across the tread. Bald patches are illegal no matter the state of the rest of the tyre. Tyres should be correctly fitted (note, many tyres have an arrow showing the direction of rotation); tyres should have the correct construction and different types not mixed on the same axle. The tyres should be free of cuts and bulges. They should not be used below their correct pressure (see handbook).

If your tyres do not meet the minimum standard you may get 3 points on your license for each defective tyre. A worse case scenario would result in a road death and you, the driver (if you survived) will end up with a prison sentence.

Ensure the tyre pressures are not too low
The wheel alignment should be set to manufacturers specification.
Accelerate, steer and brake smoothly. Do not allow the car to drift.
Avoid damaging the tyres by striking kerbs and avoid road debris

Electric vehicles have a higher efficiency than combustion engines.
Power stations produce less pollution per unit of power than combustion engines.
Burning fossil fuel in towns harms health.

Transport requires the expenditure of energy and generating energy tends to generate carbon dioxide and other harmful products such as oxides of nitrogen and sulphurous acids which damage plant life, dissolve architectural features and may cause respiratory diseases. Roads split up environments and disrupt ecosystems. Noise and light pollution is also a nuisance. Brake dust, road salt, carbon particles and fuel spills also cause local pollution.

Stationary vehicles caused by parked vehicles beside the road disrupt traffic flow. Red routes are marked with red kerbside lines (like yellow lines) or 'Clearway' signs to make unnecessary stopping illegal. They may be 24 hour or timed operation - check for signs

My view is that that speed humps damage vehicles, cause pollution and prevent emergency vehicles from getting to their destination efficiently. Cyclists can be injured by them. They do slow vehicles down however. Speed pads allow bigger vehicles to pass without slowing but slow down small cars. Chicanes may allow small cars to pass without slowing but are a nuisance to bus drivers and other large vehicles. They hold up traffic during rush hour. Traffic calming measures are responsible for many low speed accidents especially where roads have been deliberately narrowed.

Catalytic converters are supposed to reduce pollution by turning pollutants into less damaging products. They add to carbon emissions. They increase the backpressure in the exhaust, which increases pumping losses in the engine. They do not work for short journeys, as they need to be hot. Gentle driving may also prevent them from working. They get clogged and fuel is injected into them to burn off the contaminants. This causes a great deal of grey or brown smoke when the car is eventually accelerated.

Only use the horn in an emergency. Avoid using the horn when you are stationary or when a built up area at night (11.00pm to 7.30am). The horn means 'I am here'. It should not be used as a rebuke. Avoid using it when you might startle livestock or horses, or when close to an old people's home or hospital.

Keep your car well serviced
Have tyres well inflated
Drive smoothly
Plan ahead to avoid braking
Straighten your line if you can do so safely
Follow another vehicle
Keep the engine revolutions low by using a high gear
Avoid letting the engine idle
Clear out unnecessary loads from the boot
Reduce air drag (remove roof signs and racks)
Replace worn tyres with ones having low road drag
Do not use a large inappropriate vehicle for personal transport
Buy a car with economy features (e.g. stop-start)
Use public transport, cycle or walk

The old fashioned lead acid battery turns its water into hydrogen and oxygen, which escapes to the atmosphere. Distilled water replaces this loss without adding contaminants. The battery plates should be completely immersed. Modern batteries have catalysts, which combine the gasses back into water and need little maintenance.

Waste oil is harmful to the environment and to health. Keep it out of the watercourse and take it to a recycling centre for processing.

Check fluid levels (wash bottle, engine oil, power steering fluid, hydraulic fluid)
Have the vehicle serviced and checked according to manufacturers recommendations)
Check the tyres
Keep optical equipment clean and serviceable (including the inside of the windscreen)
Keep the inside clean and tidy so you are not distracted (e.g. by items rolling around on the floor)
Know how all the switches work so you can operate them without losing your attention when driving

Do not park illegally (see yellow and red kerbside lines); do not park on a clearway
Do not park dangerously (where you may be hidden from approaching traffic or block the carriageway, hide a road sign, danger pedestrians at crossing or school entrances)
Do not park where you would cause inconvenience (blocking entrances, blocking bus stops)
Ensure reflectors and lights may assist other drivers at night. Do not leave headlights on.

Efficient vehicles such as electric vehicles and the Gold Blue Motion are able to achieve less than 100g of carbon dioxide per kilometre. These vehicles are exempt from the charge.

Other car drivers are fined for the carbon dioxide they emit. This is a strong inducement to discourage the driving of inappropriate off-road vehicles in London.

You must be able to reach the controls and use them safely
You must have good visibility
You must be comfortable.

This is a statutory requirement in most vehicles
Exemptions include -
Whilst a driver is manoeuvring
If undertaking a multi-drop operation
If heavily pregnant
If medically exempt
If inertia belts are locked on a hill
If belts are not required for that vehicle
Seat belts have been proven to save lives

Brakes, lighting, suspension, steering, tyres, horn, emission equipment, seat belts, air bag electronics, windscreen and windows, screen wash operation...
The list is so long that you would need further research to answer this fully.

The brakes should work efficiently without unnecessary travel or pressure. Faults include
Excessive travel due to poor adjustment or wear
Sponginess due to hydraulic fluid contaminated with air or water
Unbalanced braking due to bad adjustment or contaminated friction material
Electronic fault affecting the automatic braking system
Hydraulic leaks
Brakes binding

Do not leave the vehicle unlocked
Close the windows
Do not leave valuables on display
Avoid leaving the vehicle in a rough area
Avoid parking it in a dimly lit area
Ensure the alarm works efficiently
Use an attended car park if possible

Side winds are experienced in particular when strong winds blow from an oblique angle against the direction of travel and are strongest when travelling on embankments or across wide flat territory. They are most troublesome when gusting or when driving past large vehicles and bridges. The Bernoulli effect creates low pressure when the air passes through the gap and sucks the car towards the other vehicle or obstruction. The remedy is to reduce speed and concentrate on your steering. Some vehicles are more prone to this problem than others and spoilers and front air dams reduce this.

Road positioning is an important factor in improving visibility, for example moving to the left to see round a right hand corner will improve a drivers view. Unfortunately the adverse camber will reduce stability on this part of the road so a driver may need to slow down before cornering. Gentle acceleration usually improves stability. Avoid braking when cornering as this often results in a car losing grip

Defrost the windows before moving off. Ensure the wash bottle contains antifreeze.
Frost and black ice can reduce grip tenfold - it might not be visible to the driver who might not adjust his driving accordingly. Merely cooling tyres reduces their grip. Drivers should drive slower and adopt a style, which would eliminate a crash if the tyres lost grip. Driver should test the grip if driving conditions permit.
Cold weather tyres can maintain grip at low temperatures although insurance companies may charge you extra for this modification.
Have warm clothes in the car so you could walk on if the road is blocked by an accident and have your cell phone charged up.

Have sufficient power before overtaking so use a lower gear.
Ensure you can see that the road ahead is clear so hold back to increase your view
Check you are not being overtaken before pulling out
Accelerate before pulling out so you can overtake quickly
Make certain that you can pull in after overtaking and be prepared to abort the manoeuvre before committing yourself completely.
Make certain that the driver of the overtaken vehicle is aware of you.
Do not pull into his overall stopping distance - do not hold that vehicle up by dawdling in front of him.
Do not overtake unless you really do need to drive faster than the driver in front

Ensure that the water will not enter the air intake or short out the electrics. Check the depth before fording the water. Use a shallow path. Start button engines cannot be moved using the starter motor since the clutch must be depressed. Going slowly reduces the bow wave but going too slowly allows the water to enter the vehicle. Pull well clear of the water before checking the car. Drum brakes might need drying. (drive with light brake pressure - the heat generated will drive off the water.

THE DRIVER - going too fast, cornering to hard, braking too strongly, accelerating too hard.
THE TYRES - insufficient tread in wet conditions, wrong tyres fitted, wrong tyre pressures.
THE CAR - faulty shock absorbers, badly adjusted steering, mechanical fault.
THE ROAD - ice, snow, grease, surface water, debris

Antilock braking system
Stability control
Limited slip differential
High grip tyres
Pre-emptive braking systems
Adaptive dampers
Well-located axles and independent suspension, which keep the tyres flat on the road during cornering Driver aids such as warning of under pressure tyres, low adhesion, ice on the road and warning of hazard ahead (not permitted in Europe as this also warns of speed cameras)

Reduce kinetic energy at the top of the hill (go slower)
Select a low gear - use the engine as a brake to keep service brakes cool
Be aware that over-run drum brakes on the trailer are susceptible to brake fade so prepare to pull off the road if this may occur, and let the brakes cool.
Consider applying the trailer brake when leaving the outfit on a hill. Have the steering angled to minimise an accident if the outfit rolled away, put the car in first or reverse gear so engine will turn backwards. Use chocks if the uncoupled trailer is to be left on the hill.

These vehicles have an advantage in thick snow and mud so should be used if you encounter this in your lifestyle. They are great for towing. Mud and snow tyres on normal cars will cover all adverse conditions found on roads and will give more grip than road tyres on a 4X4. Unfortunately these tyres are noisy and tiresome to use on long motorway drives.
Four-wheel drive vehicles tend to be tall and can fall over if driven enthusiastically so are only suitable for towing or heavy work in adverse conditions. They do use more fuel due to their high wind drag and the complicated transmission also wastes energy. Their high running costs have given them a status, which indicates that the owners are wealthy, despite the antisocial implications of using such a vehicle as a runabout.

The overall stopping distance does not follow a proportionality to speed. It is about right at cruising speed but falls down at very low or high speeds when more distance is required.

The figures were published for the type of car now found in motor museums. Modern cars with sophisticated suspension and braking systems allied to high friction tyres will stop in a much shorter distance. A performance car may stop in a fraction of the published distances. However driver reaction times remain the same at about 300ms.
Driver reaction distances are proportional to speed (the thinking distance) but the braking distance is related to kinetic energy, which goes up according to the speed squared. Hence the strange figures the DSA expect you to memorise for the theory test. Be aware that adverse conditions will have a considerable effect on stopping distance.

These are found on hazards such as skips, large slower moving vehicles and objects subject to being struck such as bridge parapets. The markings make them conspicuous.

Tiredness, anger, depression, discomfort and excitement are just some of the mental states which can affect your driving. Drugs (including alcohol) can have a profound affect on driving performance and driving under the influence of drink and drugs is antisocial and illegal. The safe course of action is do not drive if affected. If drowsiness threatens, cool the cabin space while you find a safe place to take a break.

If possible avoid driving in such conditions. If it is unavoidable then plan ahead to help maintain the free flow of traffic. Be aware that vehicles and pedestrians may move into the space you are about to occupy and allow for this. Go slowly past parked vehicles if space is restricted for you to take evasive action should a door open, a vehicle move off or a person step out from behind an obstruction.

These vehicles are constricted by size and need space to manoeuvre. Show them consideration. They may need to swing out before turning or they may need to reverse into premises. Be aware that they have limited acceleration, braking and cornering so try to give them priority if safe to do so. The driver may not be aware of your presence if you drive to close behind them so keep your distance.

In addition to the drivers of large vehicles, pedestrians (especially children and the aged) are particularly vulnerable. Cyclists and motor cyclists are easily missed so search for them all the time when driving.

The interior mirror is usually flat to give a long view behind but exterior mirrors are usually convex to give a larger viewing angle. Speed and distances are distorted in this type of mirror. Mirrors should be set to give a clear view behind. Consider having a small part of the car in view as a point of reference. On fast roads set them to have a view far down the road and to have a clear view of vehicles you have overtaken or are about to overtake you. In towns set them to see obstacles close around you. If you have set them to help reversing then remember to reset them when driving forward.

Any trace of alcohol can reduce reaction speed and affect mood. Alcohol will therefore adversely your driving. If you drive with an elevated alcohol level then you may be checked by the police due to an unrelated traffic incident such as a small light failing. You will lose your licence if alcohol levels are high, your may be imprisoned, future employment may be questioned and your social life impaired. When you regain your license your car insurance will be very expensive.

The horn is ALWAYS used if it will prevent an accident. Good drivers never use it as a rebuke. Its use in a built up area is discouraged at night between 11.30pm and 7am. Do not use it if it could frighten animals or alarm elderly, the sick and the infirm. (perhaps near hospitals and retirement homes)

The mirrors do not give a complete view all round the vehicle and extra looks made by looking round reduce the chance of missing something. A glance before a substantial manoeuvre such as when turning left improves safety.

Triangle road signs denote a warning. If you have an accident because you missed or ignored a triangular road sign then you are culpable.

The 'B' driving test pass certificate is valuable to the candidate as this is usually a gateway to improved mobility leading to improved social life and job prospects.

The DVLA Swansea

The gear lever is replaced by a simple lever for selecting forward, neutral and reverse. No clutch pedal is fitted.

The lever usually has extra positions for locking the transmission (park), a position for holding a lower gear and a position for high gears. There may be additional switches for economy or sport settings. A hill start facility is increasingly being fitted to automatics.

Mist, fog, spray, rain and snow are the meterological conditions which can affect a drivers vision. The screen may also be obscured by mud and ice on the outside whereas the inside may become suddenly misted if the air within the vehicle is humid and the outside temperature falls suddenly.

Keep the optical equipment clean and switch on lights. Consider all auxiliary lights

All warning signs are triangle

• Old people crossing - it looks like a pick pocket in action
• Pedestrian crossing - it has a pedestrian crossing the road between dotted lines
• Pedestrians in the road - a man or woman and child walking along
• School or playground - children on a triangle.
• Horse riders - person on a horse

Order signs are usually round

• Pedestrians only - pedestrians on a white disk with a red border
• No pedestrians - as above but a red line across it

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